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John Boorman turns 71 this year, fresh off his
latest picture, The Tailor From Panama, adapted from a John Le Carre
novel. It's his 14th film and, not surprisingly, the first of its
kind in his career. Just when you thought this genre specialist
had run out of genres, he's gravitated to the Ôspy movie'
after trying on most of the other classifiable forms that movies
take: crime (Point Blank), WWII (Hell in the Pacific), science fiction
(Zardoz), adventure (Deliverance), historical (Excalibur), revolution
(Beyond Rangoon), and horror (Exorcist II:The Heretic). I may be
one of the few who'll defend The Heretic as a near-masterpiece,
with its cautionary respect for the occult and its hallucinatory
set pieces, but Boorman's willingness to take artistic risks, buoyed
by an enthusiastic and, at times, outlandish intellectual curiosity,
has kept his fans on his side and his career afloat
against all commercial odds.
He's hardly what you'd call an independent filmmaker, yet he is
too much of a maverick to fall under the sway of a studio. No one
picture can categorize him.
But Point Blank, is, I suspect, poised
for rediscovery by a new generation of
moviemakers searching for ever more idiosyncratic storytelling methods.
In his 1986 book on Boorman's career, Michel Ciment brought up the
criticisms leveled against Point Blank for being Ôtoo European'
in its use of flashbacks and
its less-than-linear structure. Boorman responded by saying,"Critics
are fond of displaying their erudition. If they're hostile to a
film, they maintain that this or that was stolen from Antonioni;
if they like it, they point out the wonderful allusion or homage
to Rene Clair, etc. The cinema is a living language and once a technical
process has been used successfully it becomes part of the medium's
vocabulary. The public has merely to be able to understand and interpret
it. Audiences were quite prepared to accept the flashbacks in Point
Blank."
What audiences saw when Point Blank was released in 1967 was a riveting,
fable-like tale of one man's relentless quest for retribution; an
ellipsis in which space and silence said as much about a character
as image and sound. Walker (Lee Marvin) is shot and left for dead
in a cell on the abandoned island of Alcatraz, double-crossed by
his wife, Lynne (Sharon Acker), and his partner, Reese (John Vernon).
Walker regains consciousness, somehow gets off the Rock (in a feat
better imagined than explained), and spends the rest of the film
in search of one thing: the $93,000 due him from the robbery that
went awry moments before Reese gunned him down.
In the hands of any number of competent American directors, the
film-which was based on the novel The Hunter, by Richard Stark (aka
Donald Westlake) would have no doubt been a straightforward
crime thriller; a by-the-numbers revenge tale. But Boorman, having
made a mark in British television during the"Swinging London"
era, with its ebullient precociousness, looked at America with a
keen, off-kilter eye; with a sense that he could exploit the country's
cold-as-concrete architecture, its hierarchical divisions of greed
and responsibility, to create a parable with all of the genre codes
intact, but with the means to crack those codes elusive. There are
crooks, bosses, sex, doublecrosses, gunplay, shootouts and fistfights;
crashed cars and tough talk; bad guys and good guys. All the genre
conventions are there, but the connections between them are skewed.
The story plays less like a hard-boiled crime drama and more like
a fugue. Deeply layered and dreamlike, it confounds us with a story
that keeps doubling back, that repeats some scenes, and stages others
that feel like we've seen them before. Boorman himself said he wanted
to create the impression that Walker was trapped in a revolving
door. It's a game that even kids tire of, and by film's end, Walker,
exhausted by the Byzantine landscape of traps and dead-ends, sits
down and says ÔI want my money' like a child who wants to
go home.
Boorman, with the solid support of Lee Marvin, (who agreed to work
with the director without having seen his previous work) created
what is now regarded as one of the best films of the '60s. A masterpiece
of any genre, Point Blank's non-linear narrative presents a must-see
textbook for any moviemaker inclined to time-trip us with storytelling
gimmicks. The druggy set-pieces of Darrin Aronofsky's Requiem For
A Dream; the overlapping chapters in Doug Limon's Go; the jigsaw
of Mike Figgis's Loss of Sexual Innocence; the fractured chronology
of Allison Maclean's Jesus' Son; even the
alt-linear bravado of Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction owe a debt
to Point Blank. Christopher Nolan's Memento, which is told in reverse
order, is influenced by Point Blank without even being aware of
it.
They are speaking the same language as Boorman, which was expressed
to him by Resnais and Godard, and by directors from as far back
as D.W. Griffith.
But what is sometimes missing from
the narrative antics of these younger moviemakers is the psychological
through-line that Boorman was careful to maintain. Walker begins
and ends the movie in the shadows of a cell on Alcatraz, having
witnessed the same robbery twice, and having traversed the labyrinth
of the plot while still coming up empty-handed and confused. There
is the suggestion that the entire movie is a dying man's dream.
Indeed, the early shot of Walker pushing off from the rocks of Alcatraz
into the turbulent waters of the bay, and then in the very
next edit showing up on a tourist cruise, dry and dressed,
isn't explained. How did he escape from the island from which no
prisoner ever escaped?
Marvin's characterization of Walker provides few clues beyond his
primitive quest. A man this machine-like, this driven, perhaps could
survive a bullet and then swim to freedom. Sheer force of will could
keep him afloat. But Walker is not a man to talk about the past,
so the exact"how" of his return is left unclear.
Boorman's concerns, and his brilliantly constructed tangle of motive,
design, and action, are less expository then they are expressive.
He was an Englishman confronting the banal landscapes of urban America
in this case, Los Angeles, the sunny antithesis to the his
drizzly homeland. The script was written to be filmed in San Francisco,
but Boorman insisted on shooting in L.A.. In the car lots, skyscrapers,
apartments, and concrete canals he found his own asphalt jungle,
owned and operated by an unidentified mafia, an impenetrable vault
where crime is conducted like a legitimate business. Walker is a
man in the wilderness, and the first of many Boorman heroes to find
himself bewildered by a changing world. From the doomed canoeists
in Deliverance to Merlin in Excalibur to the engineer searching
for his son in The Emerald Forest to the doctor in Beyond Rangoon,
his protagonists often find themselves trying to apply the rules
they do understand to a universe they don't. This is why many of
his films have the aura of fantasy about them, an uneasy (and sometimes
unsuccessful) confluence of the blunt and the metaphysical.
With Point Blank, as with any puzzle, you get the sense that if
any piece were removed, the whole would be incomplete. This is what
sets it apart from the gimmickry of its imitators. There is a density
to the film, and I must admit that after watching it a dozen or
so times, I'm still not sure I get all of it. The film is hard-headed,
reluctant to reveal its motivations. But this stubborness is refreshing.
Point Blank is not some self-indulgent tease, but a study of power,
manipulation, and helplessness, grounded by an integrity of purpose
that is too often missing from the frantic genre rip-offs of today.
Tarantino pays homage to Lee Marvin (and by association, Boorman)
in Reservoir Dogs when Mr. Blonde (Michael Madsen) pays Mr. White
(Harvey Keitel) the ultimate compliment:"I bet you're a big
Lee Marvin fan, aren't you?" Dogs is still, for my money, anyway,
Tarantino's best film, since it is one of the last crime thrillers
to adhere to the criminal's code of professional conduct: you do
a job well, no one gets hurt, you get paid. That professionalism
goes to hell when someone rats out the crew, and Blonde starts shooting
innocent bystanders. In Point Blank, the code breaks down immediately:
Reese shoots a mob delivery man, Walker is double-crossed, his wife
cheats on him, the money is missing, and the only man who can pay
him back is no man at all, but a mob, a mob run like an organization,
an organization that looks like a corporation.
The final twist in Point Blank leaves Walker dazed and impotent.
He retreats into the shadows of an Alcatraz cell, a man whose prosaic
code of honor is outmoded in a world of corporate backstabbing.
Boorman's ultimate stroke of genius is to give us a character defined
by all the recognizable tropes of the masculine screen hero and
then throw him into an environment so abstract it emasculates him.
Boorman uses the same design in his other masterpiece, Deliverance,
which leaves four weekend warriors raped, murdered, broken, and
humiliated in an alien wilderness. In many of his films, Boorman
meticulously crafts a vivid but recognizable landscape, then penetrates
deep beneath it, rendering those first surface impressions meaningless.
In too many of today's films, we only get the surface. Allegory
is all but dead.
Watch Point Blank for the allegory, but also for the action. MM